Suprise Or Disbelief is An expression that we show/say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe and surprise or disbelief used to express something that we can't or impossible.

To Express surprise :

- What a surprise!

- That's a surprise

- Well that's very surprising

- Really ?

- What ?

- Are you serious? You must be joking

- You're kidding!

- Fancy That!

- I must say..... surprise me

Surprising amazement of something :

- Fantastic!

- Wonderful

- It's Great!

- It's terrific

- Wow, that's amazing!

- It's very nice

- Impressive

When you got a surprising fact, you can say :

- Do You Know What ?

- Believe it or not ?

- You may not believe it but...

- Can you believe this ?

Respons :

- Really ?

- Are you sure ?

- Are you joking ?

- Where ? Show Me

Dodi : Do You know what ? My father bought me computer yesterday

Adit : Wow, It's very nice.

Modals in the past are :

1. Could

2. Would

3. Should

4. Shall

*Could + Verb base

We can use this expression : to offer suggestion or possibilities.

Example :

Aditya : I’m having trouble with physics.

Dodi : Why don’t you ask Danar ?

Perhaps she could help you.

*Might + Verb base

Use might to tell possibillities.

Example :

Rizki : Why is Alvin taking the bus to get home.

Fredy : He might get a flat time.

*Would + verb base

Use would for an action that was repeated regulary in the past.

Example :

Danar : What did you usually do on holidays ?

Aditya : I would visit my grandparents In the Surabaya, but how not anymore.

*Would + Mind + V-ing

Use would to express polite request.

Example :

Dodi : Would you mind posting the letter ?

Dwima : No, Not at all.

*Should + Verb base

Example :

Alvin : Fajar ,you should go to library now ?

Fajar : O.k.

A. Definition

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke

B. Example Passive Voice

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

C. Agent

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.ExaMples:

 My mother makes sandwich every morning.

Subject + verb1 + s/es + O + C (adv. of time)

 Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.

Subject + to be + V3 + Agent + C (adv. of time)

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.

2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

Example:

Active:

John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.

indirect object direct object

Passive:

The indirect object as the subject

John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.

Passive:

The direct object as the subject

A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.

News Item

• News Item text is a factual text which inform the reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarded as newsworthy or important.

Purpose text of News Item :

To inform the reader or listener. Clear objectives News Item is to inform the news to the readers or listeners . Purpose you read the news or not to obtain information from sources that clearly.

The generic structure of news item :

Correspondence

Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form

Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.

Linguistic features :

 Action Verbs.

 Verbal Verbs.

 Mental Verbs.

 Temporal Circumstances.

 Spatial Circumstances.

 Specific Participants.

Structure of the text consist of three parts :

 Core write news or events that are considered important

 Write the background or the cause of the event

 Write a news source, usually contains about quotes from the usual resource witness, or senior official associated with the event.

To distinguish the type of news item text and other text that is easy for news item has a unique feature that is preceded by a city or place. Another characteristic that is the excerpt from the resource persons.

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...

* I'm calling about...

What does your company do?

What is your specialty?

What do you specialize in?

What is your main line of business?

We produce marketing materials.

We specialize in art and design.

What are your major products?

What services do you provide?

We produce office machines.

We design software.

We provide technical support.

Could you give me some (more) information on this?

What can you tell me about this (product)?

Tell me about this one/model.

This is one of our top brands.

It's our best selling refrigerator.

This one is the best in its class.

We're really pleased with its performance.

It's an excellent computer.

I highly recommend this one.

This model comes with several features.

This particular one has two components.

Information about Price What are you asking for this?

What does this sell for?

How much is it?

How much does it run?

This (one) sells for $5900.

This one goes for $2900.

This one is priced at $9695.

Construction

Formula Question Word Example Finish

Formula Gerund (-ing) Example Finish

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like Thanks for your help! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include:

* the indicative mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."

* the imperative mood (giving a command).

* the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.

A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:

The bear caught a salmon in the stream.

Who ate the pie?

Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb forms that are not finite include:

* the infinitive

* participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")

* gerunds and gerundives

In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.

By some accounts, a non-finite verb acts simultaneously as a verb and as another part of speech; it can take adverbs and certain kinds of verb arguments, producing a verbal phrase (i.e., non-finite clause), and this phrase then plays a different role — usually noun, adjective, or adverb — in a greater clause. This is the reason for the term verbal; non-finite verbs have traditionally been classified as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or verbal adverbs.

English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).

Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.

Example:

One day a crow finds a tasty piece of cheese. She picks it up, flaps her wings, and flies to a high branch of a tree to eat it.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

Formal expressions:

Ø I wonder if you remember.....

Ø You remember...., don’t you?

Ø You haven’t forgotten...., have you?

Ø Don’t you remember.....?

Ø Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

Ø Let me think, yes, I remember.

Ø I remember especially the scenery.

Ø I’ll never forget that

Ø I’ll always remember.

Ø I can remember it clearly.

Informal expressions:

Ø Remember the old house we used to live in?

Ø Remember that?

Ø I’m sorry I don’t remember

Ways to respond:

Ø Hold on. Yes, got it!

Ø I know.....

Ø It’s coming back to me now.

Respond if you forget:

Ø Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.

Ø I’m affraid I forget.

Ø I really can’t remember.

Ø I’m afraid I have no memory of him

Ø Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone.

Ø Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Example..

It was Sunday morning, Irun got dressed and had breakfast quickly. She was ready to leave for school. Her father was a little puzzled.

Father : Hey...hey.... are you going to school?

Irun : Yes, Father. I overslept. I’m in a hurry

Father : You remember Sunday, don’t you?

Irun : Oh, my goodnes. I thought it’s a school day !

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.

Kinds of gratitude expressions are :

- Thank you very much

- Thank you for you help

- I’m really very grateful to you

- You’re welcome

- Don’t mention it

- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)

Respond of expressing :

-You are welcome

-Don't mention it

-It was nothing at all

-No problem

- I am glad I could help

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

► Direct Speech

~ Simple Present Tense “I always go to school”

~ Present Continous “I’m doing my homework”

~ Simple Past / Present Perfect “ I didn’t do my test well” / “I have sent an e-mail”

~ Modals “I’ll see you at the party” / “ You must be carefully”

► Indirect Speech

~ Simple Past Tense “She said that she always went to school”.

~ Past Continous “She said that she was doing her homework”.

~ Past Perfect “She said that she had not done her test well” / “She said that she had sent an e-mail”.

~ Modals “She said that she would see me at the party” / ‘She said that I had to be carefully”.

Direct Speech → Refers to reproducing another person’s exact words. We use avotation marks.

Indirect Speech → Refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words not all the exact words are used verb form and pronoun may change. We do not used avotation marks.

Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.

Goal:

Student will understand the need to be articulate when communicating.

Background Information:

This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide another students in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.

Example

Teacher : Make a circle, please!

Nizam : pardon me?? Repeat, please!

Teacher : Make a circle, please !

Nizam : Oh… sure

Teacher :O.K…!! Next, draw in drawing book!

To obtain a well-rounded concept of your character’s personality, analyze both his internal and external qualities.

The internal aspects include the following :

The external aspects include following :

Four types of characterization:

* Physical description.

* Speech and actions.

* Direct comment from the narrator.

* Speech and actions of other characters.

Four types of characters:

* Round: A complex and fully developed character.

* Dynamic: A character that develops throughout the story.

* Flat: A character described by one or two traits.

* Static: A character that does not change from the beginning of the story to its end.

Five ways to analyze characters:

* Motivation: What causes the character to act?

* Behaviour: What does the character do?

* Consequences: What results from the character’s behaviour?

* Responsibility: Is the character held accountable for his/her actions?